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September 18.2025
3 Minutes Read

Understanding the Fairness of the US Tax Code and Its Impact on Businesses

Close-up of a financial spreadsheet with a calculator, illustrating tax code analysis.

Understanding the US Tax Code: Is It Fair?

The fairness of the US tax code has become a hot topic of debate, particularly in light of the Tax Foundation’s 2024 National Tax Literacy Poll, which indicates that 65 percent of taxpayers believe it is not fair. Many believe that wealthier individuals are not contributing their fair share, leading to a significant portion of the population—58 percent—to think high earners should shoulder more of the tax burden. This perception raises an essential question about the structure of the tax system: Is it truly progressive?

What Is a Progressive Tax System?

A progressive tax system requires individuals with higher incomes to pay a larger percentage of their income in taxes compared to those with lower incomes. In contrast, a regressive tax system places a heavier burden on low-income individuals, often leading to increased financial strain. The distinction between these two systems fundamentally shapes how taxpayers view fairness in taxation.

The Progressive Nature of the US Tax Code

The US tax code is predominantly progressive, particularly at the federal level. It employs a graduated income tax system with seven tax brackets, ranging from 10 percent to 37 percent based on income and filing status. This structure ensures that as income rises, so does the tax rate. According to the IRS, the top 50 percent of taxpayers contributed 97 percent of all federal income taxes in 2022, while the bottom 50 percent paid only 3 percent—a clear indicator of the system's progressivity.

The Disproportionate Share of Tax Contributions

One striking fact from recent tax data is that taxpayers in the bottom 20 percent enjoy a negative effective tax rate, meaning they benefit more from tax credits than they contribute in taxes. Refundable tax credits like the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) help amplify this effect, providing substantial relief to lower-income families and reaffirming the progressivity of the tax code.

The Evolution of the US Tax Code

Since the inception of the modern federal income tax in 1913, the tax code has evolved to become more progressive, not less. The progressive nature of tax structures in developed nations, including the US, reflects a commitment to reducing income inequalities. Understanding this historical context provides valuable insights into both the structure and the justification behind the current tax system.

The Recent One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA)

The passage of the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) has raised questions regarding the future of tax progressivity in the US. Although the OBBBA maintains the progressive nature of the federal income tax, it primarily serves to make previous tax features permanent rather than significantly altering the tax code. Thus, the core structure of the tax system remains intact, preserving the progressiveness that many taxpayers deem necessary for fairness.

Future Implications for Small Businesses and CPAs

For CPAs and small to medium businesses, understanding the continual shifts in tax policies is crucial. Staying informed about these changes can help businesses navigate the tax landscape effectively while maximizing their financial strategies. Especially in an economy where equitable tax burdens can influence business health and stability, this knowledge will be essential.

Conclusion: Taking Action with Tax Knowledge

As the discussion around tax equity continues, it is vital for CPAs and small business owners to remain proactive. Regularly reviewing tax obligations and staying updated with legislative changes can equip businesses with the knowledge they need to make informed decisions. By understanding the progressive nature of the tax code, stakeholders can engage meaningfully in discussions surrounding fairness and equity within the system. Awareness is power—take charge of your tax planning today!

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